فلسفة التسامح عند جون لوك وأثرها في بناء الدولة المدنية

Abstract

This research examines John Locke’s philosophy of tolerance and the civil state within a European context characterized by religious conflicts, political tensions, and sectarian wars that fragmented Christian societies. The study focuses on A Letter Concerning Toleration and Two Treatises of Government to explore the intellectual foundations of the concept of tolerance and the separation of powers in the modern state.                         
The study shows that Locke’s concept of tolerance is based on respect for freedom of conscience and belief, and on the rejection of state interference in religious affairs. He makes a clear distinction between the function of religion—namely, the salvation of souls—and the function of the state, which is to protect civil rights and ensure justice. It also becomes evident that tolerance, according to Locke, is not absolute, as he excluded certain cases, such as those who deny the existence of divine justice or groups that threaten social stability. This reveals certain tensions in his project between his liberal orientation and his religious background.                                     
As for the civil state, Locke conceives it as the result of a voluntary social contract among individuals, aimed at protecting their natural rights to life, liberty, and property. Its authority is limited by its subjection to law, with the possibility of removing the ruler if he violates the social contract. The research concludes that Locke’s philosophy laid the foundation for the modern state, particularly in establishing the rule of law, freedom of conscience, and equality among individuals.